Problem: Billy cried because Toby wouldn't accept *his* toy.

Are "his" and "Billy" the same?
Answer: yes

Problem: This book introduced Shakespeare to Goethe ; it was a major influence on *his* writing.

Are "his" and "Shakespeare" the same?
Answer: no

Problem: James asked Robert for a favor but *he* was refused.

Are "he" and "Robert" the same?
Answer: no

Problem: The dog chased the cat , which ran up a tree. *It* waited at the top.

Are "It" and "The dog" the same?
Answer:
no