I do not agree with your solution to this problem.  It is true that if B
saw a number on A's hat that was the product of two primes, B could
determine the number on B's own hat, so if the number on B's hat were
expressible as the sum of two primes, A could not conclude that B could
not determine the number on B's own hat.
 
On the other hand, the number on B's hat could be expressible as the sum
of a power of 2 and a prime.  For example, the number on B's hat could
be 13 = 8 + 5.  If the number on A's hat were 40 = 8 + 5, B would still
not know whether the number on B's own hat was 13 = 8 + 5 or 14 = 10 +
4.  After A declared that B could not determine the number on B's own
hat, then B could conclude that the number on B's own hat could not be
14, since then the number on A's hat could have been 33 = (3)(11), which
would have allowed B to determine that the number on B's own hat must be
14 = 3 + 11.
 
The trouble with the proposed solution (A has 438 on his hat and B has
149) is that although A can make his first statement, B cannot
subsequently conclude that his number must be 149.  Since the prime
factors of 438 are 2, 3, and 73, B can see that the possible values of x
and y such that xy = 438 and both x and y are greater than 2 are (x, y)
= (3, 146) and (6, 73).  So he knows that the number on his hat must be
149 or 79.  But in either case, A could have concluded that B could not
determine the number on B's own hat, because for both cases, for all
possible values of x and y such that x + y equals the number on B's hat
and both x and y are greater than 2, xy cannot be expressed uniquely as
the product of two integers both greater than 2.  So B cannot determine
whether the number on B's own hat is 149 or 79.
 
I still believe that the correct solution to the problem is: A has 208
on his hat and B has 29.  A knows that the possible values for (x, y)
range from (3, 26) through (14, 15) and so there are 12 possible values
for the number on his hat: 78, 100, 120, 138, 154, 168, 180, 190, 198,
204, 208, 210.  Since none of these numbers can be expressed uniquely as
the product of two integers both greater than 2, A can correctly tell B
that B could not have determined the number on B's own hat, that is,
before A informed B of this fact.
 
Since the prime factors of 208 are 2, 2, 2, 2, and 13, B can see that
the only possible values of x and y such that xy = 208 and both x and y
are greater than 2 are (x, y) = (4, 52), (8, 26), and (16, 13).  So B
knows that the number on his hat must be 29, 34, or 56.  But before A
tells B that B cannot determine the number on B's hat, B still cannot
know whether the number on his hat is 29, 34, or 56. It is true that if
it were 34, B could conclude that A would have to allow the possibility
that the number on A's hat could be (3)(31) = 91, which would allow B to
determine the number on B's own hat, but A has not yet told him that he
cannot do so.  After A has told B that B cannot determine the number on
B's hat, then B can conclude that the number on B's own hat must not be
expressible as the sum of two primes and so must be 16 + 13 = 29.
 
Of course, once A has this information from B, A can determine that for
each of his 12 possible numbers except one, there is more than one (x,
y) pair such that if x + y were on B's hat, A could have concluded that
B could not determine the number on B's hat.  For example, if 78 were on
A's hat, B would not have been able to determine whether the number on
B's own hat was 3 + 26 = 29 or 6 + 13 = 19, because A would have been
able to make the same statement in either case.  Only 208 allows B to
determine the number on B's own hat, and so A can conclude that that
must be the number on A's own hat.
 
Thomas Turnbull