WSClock

This treatment is based on one by Prof. Ernie Davis.

Tannenbaum suggests that the WSClock Page Replacement Algorithm is a natural outgrowth of the idea of a working set. However, reality is less clear cut. WSClock is actually embodies several ideas, one of which is connected to the idea of a working set. As the name suggests another of the ideas is the clock implementation of 2nd chance.

The actual implemented algorithm is somewhat complicated and not a clean elegant concept. It is important because

1. It works well and is in common use.
2. The embodied ideas are themselves interesting.
3. Inelegant amalgamations of ideas are more commonly used in real systems than clean, elegant, one-idea algorithms.

Since the algorithm is complicated we present it in stages. As stated above this is an important algorithm since it works well and is used in practice. However, I certainly do not assume you remember all the details.

1. We start by associating a node with every page loaded in memory (i.e., with every frame given to this process). In the node are stored R and M bits that we assume are set by the hardware. (Of course we don't design the hardware so really the R and M bits are set in a hardware defined table and the nodes reference the entries in that table.) Every k clock ticks the R bit is reset. So far this looks like NRU.

   To ease the explanation we will assume k=1, i.e., actions are done each clock tick.

2. We now introduce an LRU aspect (with the virtual time approximation described above for working set): At each clock tick we examine all the nodes for the running process and store the current virtual time in all nodes for which R is 1.

   Thus, the time field is an approximation to the time of the most recent reference, accurate to the clock period. Note that this is done every clock tick (really every k ticks) and not every memory reference. That is why it is feasible.

   If we chose as victim the page with the smallest time field, we would be implementing a virtual time approximation to LRU. But in fact we do more.

3. We now introduce some working set aspects into the algorithm by first defining a time constant τ (analogous to k in the working set algorithm) and consider all pages older than τ (i.e., their stored time is earlier than the current time minus τ) as candidate victims. The idea is that these pages are not in the working set.

   The OS designer needs to tune τ just as one would need to tune k and, like k, τ is quite robust (the same value works well for a variety of job mixes).

   The advantage of introducing τ is that a victim search can stop (and the I/O begin) as soon as a page older than τ is found.

   If no pages have a reference time older than Tau, then the page with the earliest time is the victim.

4. Next we introduce the other aspect of NRU, preferring clean to dirty victims. We search until we find a clean page older than τ, if there is one; if not, we use a dirty page older than τ. As before, if there are no clean pages older than τ, we evict the oldest page

5. Now we introduce an optimization similar to prefetching (i.e., speculatively fetching some data before it is known to be needed). Specifically, when we encounter a dirty page older than τ (while looking for a clean old page), we write the dirty page back to disk (and clear the M bit, which Tanenbaum forgot to mention) without evicting the page, on the presumption that, since the page is not in (our approximation to) the working set, this I/O will be needed eventually. The down side is that the page could become dirty again, rendering our speculative I/O redundant.

   Suppose we've decided to write out old dirty pages D₁ through D_d and to replace old clean page C with new page N.

   We must block the current process P until N is completely read in, but P can run while D₁ through D_d are being written. Hence we would desire the I/O read to be done before the writes, but we shall see later, when we study I/O, that there are other considerations for choosing the order to perform I/O operations.

   Similarly, suppose we can not find an old clean page and have decided to replace old dirty page D₀ with new page N, and have detected additional old dirty pages D₁ through D_d (recall that we were searching for an old clean page). Then P must block until D₀ has been written and N has been read, but can run while D₁ through D_d are being written.

6. We throttle the previous optimization to prevent overloading the I/O subsystem. Specifically we set a limit on the number of dirty pages the previous optimization can request be written.

7. Finally, as in the clock algorithm, we keep the data structure (nodes associated with pages) organized as a circular list with a single pointer (the hand of the clock). Hence we start each victim search where the previous one left off.