Dynamics

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Definition Dyn.D1

Up is a direction.

Declaration: up : direction --- Constant.

Definition Dyn.D2

A history is dynamic if it can physically occur. We do not give necessary and sufficient conditions for dynamic histories; rather, here and in the various pages describing particular systems, are many necessary conditions and some small number of sufficient conditions.

Declaration dynamic(H : history) --- Predicate.

Definition Dyn.D3

An object is motionless throughout history H if its position does not change.

Declaration motionless(O : object; H : history) --- Predicate.

Formalism
motionless(O,H) < = >
forall(S1,S2 in H) value(S1,placement(O)) = value(S2,placement(O)).

Definition Dyn.D4

An object is fixed in history H if it is constrained to be motionless in H.

Declaration fixed(O : object; H : history) --- Predicate.

Axiom:
fixed(O,H) => motionless(O,H).

Definition Dyn.D5

An object O is still in situation S if its linear and angular velocities are zero.

Declaration still(O : object) : boolean fluent -- Function.

Definition Dyn.D6

An external force F is applied to object O in situation S.

Declaration applied(F : external_force; O : object; S : situation)

Definition Dyn.D7

Let OS1 and OS2 be sets of objects. Object OS1 are isolated from all influences OS2 throughout history H if the objects in OS1 do not come into contact with any other objects besides those of OS1 and OS2, and no external forces are applied to them.

Declaration: isolated(OS1, OS2 : set[object]; H : history)

Formalism: isolated(OS1,OS2,H) < = >
forall(S in H, O in OS1)
[forall(O : object) ~(O in OS1) ^ ~(O in OS2) => holds(S,rcc_DC(O,O1))] ^ ~exists(F : external_force) applied(F,O,S).