The Kolakoski challenge
José Manuel Rodriguez Caballero
josephcmac at gmail.com
Sat Jan 25 19:41:27 EST 2020
Engaged in the philosophical topic concerning determinism versus free will, the artist and recreational mathematician William Kolakoski [2] defined a sequence [1] in symbols 1 and 2, which coincides with the sequence of its run-length encoding (the initial term is frequently chosen to be 1, but this is not essential). Such a sequence was previously studied by the mathematician Rufus Oldenburger [3]. The first terms of this sequence are:
1,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,2,1,2,2,1,1...
It is unknown whether or not the frequency of symbols 1’s converge. My question is the following:
Is there an axiomatic theory in which the question concerning the convergence of the frequency of the symbol 1 in the Kolakoski sequence can be expressed, but the answer cannot be deduced from the axioms?
I am thinking in something like the fact that Goodstein theorem can be formulated in first-order Peano arithmetic, but it cannot be proved in this system [4].
Kind regards,
Jose M.
References
[1] https://oeis.org/A000002
[2] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kolakoski
[3] Oldenburger, Rufus (1939). Exponent trajectories in symbolic dynamics, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 46: 453–466.
[4] KIRBY, Laurie et PARIS, Jeff. Accessible Independence Results for Peano Arithmetic. Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 1982, vol. 14, no 4, p. 285-293.
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