[FOM] Mandelbrot set, Catalan numbers, Context-free grammars
Andrius Kulikauskas
ms at ms.lt
Sat May 14 09:44:55 EDT 2016
I wish to share a curious link that I noticed between the Mandelbrot set
and the Catalan numbers which may be useful for studying the kinds of
logical expressions that automata can generate. I appreciate any
related references or ideas that you might offer.
I am interested to understand the big picture in math. That is, I am
looking for a perspective from which I could understand which ideas are
cognitively most basic and how more sophisticated mathematics unfolds.
This wish supposes that math is not merely "explicit", not merely what
gets written down, but that there are also "implicit" notions at play
which may yet be distinguished as "basic" or "sophisticated". I am
interested to discuss with mathematicians how we might investigate math
as a whole.
I was reading mathematical physicist Roger Penrose's "Road to Reality",
which is an impressive 1100+ page survey of all he knows about math,
available for free online. I was curious why he mentions the Mandelbrot
set, which I think of as an example of what is most accidental in math,
and thus least interesting from my point of view. The Mandelbrot set is
generated by considering any complex number c and what happens in the
limit to infinity upon iterating the substitution z -> z^2 + c and then
discarding the z (setting z=0) at the end. If the iterations Pn stay
bounded (<=2), then we include c in the Mandelbrot set, and otherwise
they diverge to infinity and we don't include them. Roger Penrose
writes this out much more elegantly as the sequence:
... c^2 + c)^2 + c)^2 + c)^2 + c
Well, as a combinatorialist, I realized that the leading terms settle
down and might actually be a nice sequence. It turns out that they are
in fact the Catalan numbers, as can be shown by induction to yield their
recurrence relation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number
These are some of the most basic numbers in combinatorics. They count
the number of correct expressions for n pairs of parentheses. In other
words, they count the semantical possibilities that our mind has in
associating operators in a string of operators. Furthermore, this is
related to the types of strings that can be generated by context-free
grammars and context-sensitive grammars, which are important in the
Chomsky hierarchy. For example, we could code the words that such a
grammar generates and if we plug in 1 for all of the symbols then we
should typically get the Catalan numbers or something related.
The generating function G(c) is given by G(c) = c*G(c)^2 + 1. Thus 0 =
c*G(c)^2 - G(c) + 1. Solving the quadratic equation yields G(c) = 2/(1
+ (1-4c)^(1/2)).
One question then is whether the behavior of Pn as n goes to infinity is
given by G(c). The coefficients are all positive and the coefficients
of G(c) are always greater than Pn. The first half or so of the
coefficients of Pn match those of G(c). So if Pn diverges then it seems
that G(c) should diverge, too. And if Pn does not diverge, then neither
should G(c). But I'm not an expert and I'm not sure.
So it appears that the exceedingly bizarre Mandelbrot set is simply
defined by the behavior (convergence, divergence or otherwise) of the
generating function of the Catalan numbers G(c). Which apparently is
not trivial as I gather from this post:
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1097097/generating-series-of-catalan-numbers
Also, surprisingly, the relation between the Mandelbrot set and the
Catalan numbers may not be well known. There is a note at the Online
Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences https://oeis.org/A000108 thanks to an
observation in 2009 by Donald D. Cross
http://cosinekitty.com/mandel_poly.html
But now imagine this as a tool for Foundations of Math. We can
interpret the Catalan generating function at each complex number (or
pair of real numbers, or map from one real number to another real
number). This generating function can be thought of as enumerating all
of the possibilities for a grammar. In particular, consider a hierarchy
of grammars where a matrix A describes the rules (and the symbols
accepted) and a matrix X is the nonterminal generator of the possibilities:
X -> AX finite automata, regular languages
X -> AXA push-down automata, context free languages
XA -> AX linear bounded automata, context sensitive languages
XA -> X Turing machines, recursively enumerable languages
A rule like X -> AXA is involved in making sure that each open
parenthesis is ultimately paired with a closed parenthesis. This is
what I suppose the Catalan numbers are coding when they converge. A
rule like XA->AX allows the cursor to glide across many symbols. This
perhaps could be the case when the Catalan generating function doesn't
settle down. And a rule like XA->X means that the automata is able to
destroy information and introduce irreversibility like a full fledged
Turing machine, and then perhaps in that case the Catalan generating
function diverges.
So that is some poetic thinking which might perhaps yet spark ideas even
for the P/NP complete problem.
Also, I note that the Catalan numbers count the number of semiorders on
n unlabeled items.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiorder
This makes me think of cardinality and the Continuum hypothesis. For the
semiorders seem to be "almost" orders. And in fact it may be possible
to play with that "almost" in the limit, making it more or less
favorable. Thus they seem relevant if one is to try to construct a set
that is bigger than the integers but less than the continuum.
The Mandelbrot set could be an amazing object for tackling nasty
problems. Apparently, the Mandelbrot set may be locally connected. I
think that would mean that you could always find a small enough
neighborhood where the set is "nonchaotic" but if you move farther away
then you will get chaotic results.
I appreciate any critique or feedback. I also want to point out that
what I thought was a most idiosyncratic object in math is in fact
related to what is cognitively most fundamental (the possibilities for
associativity) and this link may be quite practical and powerful. So
this suggests that math is not evolving haphazardly but rather if we
survey all of math so far then we might get a sense of some overarching
organizational principles.
I just want to add that I am very grateful for this forum. I am glad to
witness Harvey Friedman's thinking out loud even though I can only
understand just a bit. Also, my first talk in graduate school was about
Hilbert's Tenth Problem which Martin Davis helped solve and which is
inspiring in terms of what math can encode.
Andrius
Andrius Kulikauskas
ms at ms.lt
+370 607 27 665
Vilnius, Lithuania
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