Towards Characterizing Complete Fairness in Secure Two-Party Computation
Gilad Asharov

Abstract:

The well known impossibility result of Cleve (STOC 1986) implies that in general it is impossible to securely compute a function with complete fairness without an honest majority. Since then, the accepted belief has been that nothing non-trivial can be computed with complete fairness in the two party setting. The surprising work of Gordon, Hazay, Katz and Lindell (STOC 2008) shows that this belief is false, and that there exist some non-trivial (deterministic, finite-domain) boolean functions that can be computed fairly. This raises the fundamental question of characterizing complete fairness in secure two-party computation.

In this work we show that not only that some or few functions can be computed fairly, but rather an enormous amount of functions can be computed with complete fairness. In fact, almost all boolean functions with distinct domain sizes can be computed with complete fairness (i.e., functions $f: X \times Y \rightarrow \{0,1\}$ with $|X| \neq |Y|$). The class of functions that is shown to be possible includes also very interesting tasks, such as set-membership, private evaluation of a (Boolean) function, private matchmaking, set-disjointness and more.

In addition, we demonstrate that fairness is not restricted to the class of symmetric boolean functions where both parties get the same output, which is the only known feasibility result. Specifically, we show that fairness is also possible for asymmetric boolean functions where the output of the parties is not necessarily the same. Moreover, we consider the class of functions with \emph{non-binary} output, and show that fairness is possible \emph{for any finite range}.