Dictionaries

Counting Frequency of Dice Rolls

• roll two thee sided dice simultaneously 1000 times
• (they exist! what do you think they look like?
• count the frequency of the results… 2 through 6
• let's code that up really quickly
  • generate two random numbers
  • do this 1000 times
  • keep track of the number of times a two is rolled… a three… up through six
  • use multiple assignment for initializing your counts!

Dice Rolls Solution

import random
twos, threes, fours, fives, sixes = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
for i in range(1000):
	roll = random.randint(1,3) + random.randint(1,3)
	if roll == 2:
		twos += 1
	if roll == 3:
		threes += 1
	if roll == 4:
		fours += 1
	if roll == 5:
		fives += 1
	if roll == 6:
		sixes += 1

print("twos: %s, threes: %s, fours: %s, fives: %s, sixes %s" % (twos, threes, fours, fives, sixes)) 

Dice Rolls

Whew!

That was a long if-else. What if we had to write one for two twenty-sided dice?

• that would be pretty lengthy
• and consequently error prone

If there were only a way to dynamically create names and associate values to them.

We'll get to that in a second. First: compound types, mapping types and dictionaries…

Revisiting Compound Types

Compound types: values that are made up of other values.

Sequence types are compound types. We know three sequence types. What are they?

Mapping Types

Another kind of compound type is a mapping type.

A mapping type is a data type that is made of a collection of keys (think of names) and their associated values. The only mapping type in Python is a dictionary.

Dictionaries

A dictionary is an unordered collection of key/value pairs.

• key is an item that is used to look up values in a dictionary; think of keys as names or labels.
• keys must be immutable objects (they're usually strings or ints)
• the values that are associated with keys can be any type!
• in other languages dictionaries are called associative arrays or hash tables

Dictionaries Syntax

Let's take a look at some examples

{"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
{28:"foo", 6:"bar", "entirely different":["baz"]}
{}

• dictionaries are delimited by curly braces - { and }
• an empty dictionary is {}
• each key value pair in a dictionary is separated by a comma
• keys and values are linked together by a colon, the key before and the value after

(btw, cleo's are pretty good)

Dictionaries Syntax Continued

What are the keys and what type are they? What are the values and what type are they?

d1 = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
d2 = {28:"foo", 6:"bar", "entirely different":["baz"]}

Retrieving Values at Keys

You can use the key like a list index to retrieve a value at that key. What does this code print out?

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
print(d["first_name"])
print(d["fav_candy"])

joe
cleo's

Keys That Don't Exist!

Let's try that again… but with a key that doesn't exist. What do you think will happen here?

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
print(d["height"])

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'height'

Retrieval Using the get Method

You can also retrieve a value from a dictionary by calling the get method. get takes two arguments:

• the key of the element you want to retrieve
• an optional default value in case that key doesn't exist yet

What do you think this code outputs?

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
print(d.get("height", None))

None

Key/Value Pairs

So… things are a bit different when adding keys and values to a dictionary. There is no error if you use a key that doesn't exist in order to assign a value to it (that is… to create a new key/value pair).

#  look ma, no keys!
d = {}
#  but I can assign with no probz
d["problems"] = None
d["another key"] = "another value"

Key/Value Pairs Continued

If the key already exists… and you use the assignment operator, you are just associating a new value with an existing key.

What does this code output?

d = {}
d["another key"] = "another value"
d["problems"] = None
d["another key"] = "something"
print(d["another key"])
print(d["problems"])

something
None

Dictionaries and Mutability

Based on what we've seen so far… are dictionaries mutable or immutable?

d = {}
d["did not exist before"] = "some value"
#  ok!

We Can Iterate Over Dictionaries

Let's run this code. What would you expect this to print? Does it match what actually happens?

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
for item in d:
  print(item)

#  we only get the keys!
fav_candy
first_name

Dictionary Views

Another way to iterate over a dictionary is to convert it to a special sequence called a dictionary view.

• the items() method returns a dictionary view (another iterable object)
• each element in the view is a tuple
• the first element in each tuple the key, and the second, the value

What type is the type of variable, i? How many iterations are there? What is the value of i at each iteration?

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
items = d.items()
for t in items:
	print(t)

Converting a Dictionary to a Bunch of Tuples

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
items = d.items()
for t in items:
	print(t)

A few notes….

• items is a list like value that contains tuples
• in the for loop, t is always a tuple
• 2 iterations, with t being a tuple that represents a name value pair

Iterating over a Dictionary Using items()

Now… we have a tuple… how do we print out each key and value individually (how do we unpack again?)

d = {"first_name":"joe", "fav_candy":"cleo's"}
for k, v in d.items():
  print(k, v)

Dictionaries Are Unordered

Unlike sequence types like string, list or tuple, dictionaries are unordered. That means that the order of the key value pairs cannot be guaranteed! Let's take a look. Intuitively, what's the first thing that we think will be printed out?

d = {"one":"foo", "two":"bar", 3:"baz"}
for k, v in d.items():
  print(k, v)

#  this is actually just one possible ordering!
3 baz
two bar
one foo

in and len()

The in and not in operators work with dictionary keys; len() gives back the number of key/value pairs →

pizza = {"crust":"thin", "topping":"mushrooms", 'size':'large', 'sauce':'tomato'}
print(len(pizza))
#  prints out 4

result = 'crust' in pizza
print(result)
#  prints out True

Summary Questions

• how do we construct a dictionary literal?
• how do we create an empty dictionary?
• are dictionaries mutable or immutable?
• are dictionaries ordered or unordered
• how do we access a value at a key… what happens if they key doesn't exist?
• what's the exception to the above?
• what's another way of accessing a value?

More Dictionary Methods

By the way, here are a few more dictionary methods:

• values() - get all values as a list-like structure
• keys() - get all keys as a list-like structure (
• pop(k, [d]) - removes element at key, k, and returns it (returns d if k doesn't exist)
• popitem() - removes and returns some name/value pair as tuple
• update(dictionary) - overwrites all values at keys in original with values at keys from dictionary passed in

values, keys

values and keys give back dictionary views (they essentially act like lists) of either all values or all keys of the dictionary that they're called on. What does this output? →

vehicle = {"name":"bathysphere", "wheels":0, "can fly":False}
print(vehicle.keys())
print(vehicle.values())

dict_keys(['can fly', 'wheels', 'name'])
dict_values([False, 0, 'bathysphere'])

pop

pop removes and returns the item at the key specified. What does this output?→

vehicle = {"name":"bathysphere", "wheels":0, "can fly":False}
result1 = vehicle.pop('can fly')
result2 = vehicle.pop('floats', False)
print(result1)
print(result2) 
print(vehicle)

False
False
{'wheels': 0, 'name': 'bathysphere'}

popitem

popitem removes and returns an arbitrary key/value pair. What does this output?→

vehicle = {"name":"bathysphere", "wheels":0, "can fly":False}
result1 = vehicle.popitem()
print(result1)
print(vehicle)

('can fly', False)
{'wheels': 0, 'name': 'bathysphere'}

update

update adds key/value pairs (or updates values if keys already exist) from another dictionary to the dictionary that update is called on. What does this output?→

vehicle = {"name":"bathysphere", "wheels":0, "can fly":False}
another_vehicle = {'can float':True, 'name':'boat'}
vehicle.update(another_vehicle)
print(vehicle)

{'can fly': False, 'wheels': 0, 'name': 'boat', 'can float': True}

Changing a Value Based on the Existing Value

To change a value base on an existing value, such as incrementing a number, you can simply do something like this (adds one to the current value at fga):

d = {'fgm':1, 'fga':2}
d['fga'] = d['fga'] + 1

Changing a Value Based on the Existing Value

But what if it doesn't exist yet? What happens here? →

d = {'fgm':1 }
d['fga'] = d['fga'] + 1

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'fga'

Summary Answers

• dictionaries are delimited by curly braces, key value pairs are separated by commas, with each key and value joined by a colon
• {}
• they're mutable
• order cannot be guaranteed
• d["some key"], exception
• assignment
• get method

Back to Dice!

Try reimplementing our dice program so that it uses a dictionary to store the frequency of rolls (each roll as a key, each value as a count). (hint: use in, the get method or a try-except to deal with keys that don't exist).

import random
twos, threes, fours, fives, sixes = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
for i in range(1000):
	roll = random.randint(1,3) + random.randint(1,3)
	if roll == 2:
		twos += 1
	if roll == 3:
		threes += 1
	if roll == 4:
		fours += 1
	if roll == 5:
		fives += 1
	if roll == 6:
		sixes += 1

print("twos: %s, threes: %s, fours: %s, fives: %s, sixes %s" % (twos, threes, fours, fives, sixes)) 

Dice Rolls Solution

import random
freq_dice_rolls = {}
for i in range(1000):
	roll = random.randint(1,3) + random.randint(1,3)
	freq_dice_rolls[roll] = freq_dice_rolls.get(roll, 0) + 1
print(freq_dice_rolls)

Further Exercises

• counting letters
• counting letters, sorted keys
• run-length encoding
• storing inventory