Consider a processor architecture with 32-bit virtual addresses. In this architecture, the memory management unit (MMU) expects a two-level page table structure. On this architecture, the upper 6 bits of an address determine the page directory index, the next 10 bits determine the index in the second-level page table, and the bottom 16 bits determine the offset.

1. How many entries are in a page directory? Explain briefly.
2. How many entries are in a second-level page table? Explain briefly.
3. What is the page size on this machine? Explain briefly.
4. What is the maximum number of virtual pages per process? Explain briefly.

Suppose FIFO page replacement is used with four page frames and eight pages and the program accesses the virtual pages in this order: 0172327103. How many page faults will occur if the four frames are initially empty? Now repeat this problem for LRU.

Choose True or False for the following assertions, and justify:

• T/F One benefit of event-driven programming is that the programmers don't have to worry about concurrency issues at all.
• T/F Event-driven programming benefits CPU-bound programs more than IO-bound programs.
• T/F By not using blocking/synchronous I/O, multiple I/O operations overlap, although a single thread is used. This enables I/O parallelism without requiring CPU parallelism at the same time.

1. What is the storage capacity of the disk in bytes or gigabytes? (Explain briefly.)
2. What is the sequential transfer bandwidth, expressed in bytes/second or megabytes/second? (Explain briefly.)
3. Now assume that the disk with the above characteristics is given a never-ending stream of requests to read one sector at a time, with each request chosen randomly from all possible sectors on the disk. Assume that these read requests are scheduled in FIFO order. State the effective long-term transfer rate that the disk can sustain, expressed in bytes/second or kilobytes/second, and explain briefly.

In doing the third question, the following may be useful:

• You can (and probably should) make several percentage point approximations, for example 4096 can be represented as 4000, and 13 x 7.5 is approximately 100.
• If we pick a track uniformly at random and then pick another track uniformly at random, the expected (or average) number of tracks between them is one-third (not one-half) the total number of tracks on a platter (this can be derived using probability theory; OSTEP also gives a derivation.
• The term "long-term transfer rate" refers to R/X, where R is the number of bytes to transfer in each read, and X is the average length of time that a read takes.

Disk requests come into the disk driver for tracks 10, 22, 20, 2, 40, 6, and 38, in that order. A seek takes 6 msec per track moved (note that, among other simplifications, we are not taking into account the length of the seek). How much seek time is needed for the following scheduling algorithms?

(a) SSTF

(b) LOOK (SCAN, but doesn't move to the end)

In all cases, the arm is initially at track 20. (Note that SCAN is a synonym for the elevator algorithm.)

Adapted from Tanenbaum Chapter 5 Number 24.

1. State the maximum file size, and explain briefly, for example by showing your work. You may express your answer as a sum of powers-of-two.
2. State the maximum number of files in a directory, and explain briefly, for example by showing your work. Again, you may express your answer as a sum of powers-of-two.