Linguistic String Project (LSP)

Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
251 Mercer Street
New York, NY 10012
Tel. (212) 998-3097
Fax: (212) 995-4123
Email: sager@cs.nyu.edu

PUBLICATIONS

  1. Sager, N. (1967). Syntactic Analysis of Natural Language. Advances in Computers 8, 153-188. Academic Press, NY.

  2. Sager, N. (1966). Information Reduction of Texts by Syntactic Analysis. Seminar on Computational Linguistics, 1966 (A.W. Pratt, A.H. Roberts, K. Lewis, eds.), pp. 46-56. Division of Computer Science and Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (PHS Publication No. 1716.)

  3. Salkoff, M., and Sager, N. (1967). The Elimination of Grammatical Restrictions in a String Grammar of English. 2eme Conference Internationale sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues, Grenoble, August 1967.

  4. Sager, N. (1970). The Sublanguage Method in String Grammars. Studies in Language and Linguistics, 1970-1971 (R.W. Ewton, Jr. and J. Ornstein, eds.), pp. 89-98. University of Texas at El Paso.

  5. Sager, N. (1972). A Two-Stage BNF Specification of Natural Language. Journal of Cybernetics 2 :3, 39-50.

  6. Sager, N. (1972). Syntactic Formatting of Science Information. AFIPS Conference Proceedings 41, 791-800. AFIPS Press, Montvale, NJ. Reprinted in Sublanguage: Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains (R. Kittredge and J. Lehrberger, eds.), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (1982), pp. 9-26.

  7. Sager, N. (1973). The String Parser for Scientific Literature. In Natural Language Processing (R. Rustin, ed.), pp. 61-87. Algorithmics Press, NY.

  8. Grishman, R. (1973). Implementation of the String Parser of English. In Natural Language Processing (R. Rustin. ed.), pp. 89-109. Algorithmics Press, NY.

  9. Grishman, R., Sager, N., Raze (Friedman), C., and Bookchin, B. (1973). The Linguistic String Parser. AFIPS Conference Proceedings 42, 427-434. AFIPS Press, Montvale, NJ.

  10. Fitzpatrick, E., and Sager, N. (1974). The Lexical Subclasses of the Linguistic String Parser. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, No. 2. (See also S.P.R., item 9 under REPORTS.)

  11. Sager, N. (1975). Sublanguage Grammars in Science Information Processing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 26, 10-16.

  12. Sager, N., and Grishman, R. (1975). The Restriction Language for Computer Grammars of Natural Language. Communications of the ACM 18, 390-400.

  13. Hirschman, L., Grishman, R., and Sager, N. (1975). Grammatically- Based Automatic Word Class Formation. Information Processing and Management ll, 39-57.

  14. Anderson, B., Bross, I.D.J., and Sager, N. (1975). Grammatical Compression in Notes and Records: Analysis and Computation. American Journal of Computational Linguistics 2, No. 4.

  15. Sager, N. (1975). Computerized Discovery of Semantic Word Classes in Scientific Fields. In Directions in Artificial Intelligence: Natural Language Processing, Courant Computer Science Report No. 7., 27-48. Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University.

  16. Hobbs, J., and Grishman, R. (1976). The Automatic Transformational Analysis of English Sentences: An Implementation. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, Section A, Vol. 5, pp. 267-283.

  17. Raze (Friedman), C. (1976). A Computational Treatment of Coordinate Conjunctions. American Journal of Computational Linguistics, No. 52.

  18. Hirschman, L., Grishman, R., and Sager, N. (1976). From Text to Structured Information: Automatic Processing of Medical Reports. AFIPS Conference Proceedings 45, 267-275. AFIPS Press, Montvale, NJ.

  19. Sager, N. ( 1977). Perspective Paper: Computational Linguistics. In Natural Language in Information Science; Perspectives and Directives for Research (D.E. Walker, H. Karlgren and M. Kay, eds.), FID 551, 75-100. Skriptor, Stockholm.

  20. Hirschman, L., and Grishman, R. (1977). Fact Retrieval from Natural Language Medical Records. IFIP World Conference Series on Medical Informatics 2 (D.B. Shires and H. Wolf, eds.), 247-251. North- Holland, Amsterdam.

  21. Sager, N. (1977). Information Structures in the Language of Science. In The Many Faces of Information Science, AAAS Selected Symposium 3 (E. C. Weiss, ed.), 53-73. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

  22. Sager, N., Hirschman, L., Grishman, R., and Insolio, C. (1977). Transforming Medical Records Into a Structured Data Base. In D. Waltz, Natural Language Interfaces, ACM-SIGART Newsletter, No. 61 (Feb. 1977), 38-39.

  23. Insolio, C., and Sager, N., Parsing Free Narrative. Unpublished paper. Presented at Annual Meeting of Association for Computational Linguistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, March 17, 1977.

  24. Sager, N., Hirschman, L., Grishman, R., and Insolio, C. (1977). Computer Programs for Natural Language Files. In Information Management in the 1980's, Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Meeting 14. Knowledge Industry Publications, White Plains, NY.

  25. Sager, N. (1978). Natural Language Analysis and Processing. In the Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology (J. Belzer, A.G. Holzman and A. Kent, eds.), Vol. 11. pp. 152-169. Marcel Dekker, NY. (1983 edition available in paperback.) Reprinted in Subject and Information Analysis (E.D. Dym, ed.), Marcel Dekker, NY, 1985.

  26. Sager, N., and Lyman, M. (1978). Computerized Language Processing: Implications for Health Care Evaluation. Medical Record News 49:3 (June 1978), 20-30.

  27. Grishman, R., and Hirschman, L. (1978). Question Answering from Natural Language Medical Data Bases. Artificial Intelligence 11 (1978), 25-43.

  28. Sager, N. (1978). Natural Language Information Formatting: The Automatic Conversion of Texts to a Structured Data Base. In Advances in Computers 17 (M.C. Yovits, ed.), 89-162. Academic Press, NY.

  29. Sager, N., Hirschman, L., and Lyman, M. (1978). Computerized Language Processing for Multiple Use of Narrative Discharge Summaries. In Proceedings of the Second Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (F.H. Orthner, ed.), 330-343. IEEE, New York.

  30. Hirschman, L., Sager, N., and Lyman, M. (1979). Automatic Application of Health Care Criteria to Narrative Patient Records. Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (R.A. Dunn, ed.), 105-113. IEEE, New York.

  31. Sager, N. (1980). Review of Computational Linguistics in Medicine (W. Schneider and A-L. Sagvall Hein, eds.), North-Holland, NY, 1977. In American Journal of Computational Linguistics 6:1 (Jan.-Mar. 1980), 44-7.

  32. Hirschman, L. (1981). Retrieving Time Information from Natural Language Texts. Information Retrieval Research (R.N. Oddy, S.E. Robertson, C.J. Van Rijsbergen and P. Williams, eds.), Butterworths, London, 154-171.

  33. Hirschman, L., and Sager, N. (1982). Automatic Information Formatting of a Medical Sublanguage. Sublanguage: Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains (R. Kittredge and J. Lehrberger, eds.). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1982, pp. 27-80.

  34. Sager, N. (1981). Natural Language Information Processing: A Computer Grammar of English and Its Applications. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

  35. Sager, N., Tick, L., Story, G., and Hirschman, L. (1980). A CODASYL-type Schema for Natural Language Medical Records. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care 2 (J.T. O'Neill, ed.), 1027-1033. IEEE, New York.

  36. Hirschman, L., Story, G., Marsh, E., Lyman, M., and Sager, N. (1981). An Experiment in Automated Health Care Evaluation from Narrative Medical Records. Computers and Biomedical Research 14:5 (Oct. 1981), 447-463.

  37. Sager, N., Bross, I.D.J., Story, G., Bastedo, P., Marsh, E. and Shedd, D. (1982). Automatic Encoding of Clinical Narrative. Computers in Biology and Medicine 12:1 (1982), 43-56.

  38. Story, G., and Hirschman, L. (1981). Database Design for Natural Language Medical Data. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences III. Reprinted in Journal of Medical Systems 6:1 (1982), 77-88.

  39. Hirschman, L., and Story, G. (1981). Representing Implicit and Explicit Time Relations in Narrative. Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 81) 1, 289-295.

  40. Sager, N. (1981). Information Structures in Texts of a Sublanguage. ASIS-81 Conference Proceedings.

  41. Sager, N., and Grishman, R. (1982). Research in Computational Linguistics at New York University. ACM-SIGART Newsletter. Special Issue on Natural Language Processing.

  42. Marsh, E., and Sager, N. (1982). Analysis and Processing of Compact Texts. COLING 82: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics (J. Horecky, ed.), 201-206. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

  43. Grishman, R., Hirschman, L., and Friedman, C. (1982). Natural Language Interfaces Using Limited Semantic Information. COLING 82: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Linguistics (J. Horecky, ed.), 89-94. North-Holland, Amsterdam.

  44. Sager, N., Chi, E.C., Tick, L.J., and Lyman, M. (1982). Relational Database Design for Computer-Analyzed Medical Narrative. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (B.I. Blum, ed.), 797-804. IEEE, New York.

  45. Marsh, E. (1983). Utilizing Domain-Specific Information for Processing Compact Text. Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, 99-103. Association for Computational Linguistics, Menlo Park, CA.

  46. Grishman, R., Hirschman, L., and Friedman, C. (1983). Isolating Domain Dependencies in Natural Language Interfaces. Proceedings of the Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, 46-53. Association for Computational Linguistics, Menlo Park, CA.

  47. Chi, E.C., Sager, N., Tick, L.J., and Lyman, M. (1983). Relational Database Modeling of Free-Text Medical Narrative. Medical Informatics 8:3 (1983), 209-223. (Special Issue: New Methods for the Analysis of Clinical Data.) Taylor & Francis Ltd, London.

  48. Lyman, M., Chi, E.C., Sager, N., Tick, L.J., and Story, G.A. (1983). Automated Case Review of Acute Bacterial Meningitis of Childhood. In Proceedings of MEDINFO 83, Amsterdam, August 1983.

  49. Sager, N., and Kosaka, M. (1983). A Database of Literature Organized by Relations. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC7) (R. Dayhoff, ed.), 692-695. IEEE Computer Society, Silver Spring, MD.

  50. Friedman, C., Sager, N., Chi, E.C., Marsh, E., Christenson, C., and Lyman, M.S., MD (1983). Computer Structuring of Free-Text Patient Data. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC7) (R. Dayhoff, ed.), 688-691. IEEE Computer Society, Silver Spring, MD.

  51. Sager, N., and Wong, R., MD (1983). Developing a Database from Free-Text Clinical Data. Journal of Clinical Computing XI: 5 & 6 (1983), 184-194.

  52. Sager, N., Tick, L.J., Story, G., Friedman, C., and Christenson, C. (1983). Data Model for Natural Language Information. ACM-SIGART Newsletter, No. 86 (Oct. 83), Special Issue on A.I. and Database Research, p. 51.

  53. White, C. (1983). The Linguistic String Project Dictionary for Automatic Text Analysis. Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Readable Dictionaries, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. (To be published.)

  54. Gordon, D., and Sager, N. (1985). A Method of Measuring Information in Language, Applied to Medical Texts. Information Processing & Management 21:4 (Aug.85), 269-289.

  55. Wolff, S. (1984). The Use of Morphosemantic Regularities in the Medical Vocabulary for Automatic Lexical Coding. Methods of Information in Medicine, 23 (1984), 195-203.

  56. Sager, N. (1984). Sublanguage: Linguistic Phenomenon, Computational Tool. In Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains (R. Grishman and R. Kittredge, eds.), pp. 1-17. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

  57. Friedman, C. (1984). Sublanguage Text Processing - Application to Medical Narrative. In Analyzing Language in Restricted Domains (R. Grishman and R. Kittredge, eds.), pp. 85-102. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

  58. Chi, E.C., Friedman, C., Sager, N., and Lyman, M.S., M.D. (1985). Processing Free-Text Input to Obtain a Database of Medical Information. Proceedings of the 8th Annual ACM-SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, (June 1985), New York, Association for Computing Machinery.

  59. Marsh, E., and Friedman, C. (1985). Transporting the Linguistic String Project System from a Medical to a Navy Domain. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 3:2 (April 1985), 121-140.

  60. Sager, N., Chi, E.C., Friedman, C., and Lyman, M.S., MD (1985). Modeling Natural Language Data for Automatic Creation of a Database from Free-Text Input. Database Engineering 8:3 (Sept. 1985), 45-55.

  61. Sager, N. (1985). Natural Language Processing in Biomedical Laboratory Computing. Frontiers of Engineering and Computing in Health Care--1985 (J.C. Lin and B.N. Feinberg, eds.), vol. 1, 575-8. (Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of the IEEE/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Sept. 1985). McGregor & Werner, Washington, DC.

  62. Chi, E.C., Lyman, M.S., Sager, N., Friedman, C., and Macleod, C. (1985). A Database of Computer-Structured Narrative: Methods of Computing Complex Relations. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC9) (M.J. Ackerman, ed.). IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, DC, pp. 221-226.

  63. Lyman, M.S., Sager, N., Friedman, C., and Chi, E.C. (1985). Computer-Structured Narrative in Ambulatory Care: Its Use in Longitudinal Review of Clinical Data. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC9) (M.J. Ackerman, ed.). IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, DC, pp. 82-86.

  64. London, J., Wolff, S., and Sager, N. (1985). The LSP Lexicon for Free-Text Information Formatting: Application to Medical Narrative. Workshop on the Lexicon, Parsing, and Semantic Interpretation, Graduate Center, City University of New York, Jan. 1985.

  65. Sager, N., Friedman, C., Lyman, M.S., MD, and members of the Linguistic String Project (1987). Medical Language Processing: Computer Management of Narrative Data. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

  66. Sager, N. (1986). Representing Biomedical Information via Its Linguistic Structure. Proceedings of the AAMSI Congress 86, vol. 4, pp. 278-281 (A.H. Levy, MD, and B.T. Williams, MD, eds.). American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics, Washington, DC, 1986.

  67. Sager, N., Friedman, C., Lyman, M.S., MD, Chi, E.C., Macleod, C., Chen, S., and Johnson, S. (1986). The Analysis and Processing of Clinical Narrative. MEDINFO 86; Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Medical Informatics (R. Salamon, B. Blum, and M. Jorgensen, eds.). Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North Holland), Participants Ed., Part 2, pp. 1101-1105.

  68. Sager, N., Mattick, P., Jr., Friedman, C.,and Chi, E.C. (1989). Information Structures in Survey Instruments, Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association.

  69. Lyman, M.L. and Sager, N.S. (1989) The New York University Experience in the Computer Processing of Medical Language, in Computerized Natural Medical Language Processing, Elsevier Science Publishers, North Holland.

  70. Sager, N. (1989) Medical Language Processing: Computer Management of Narrative Data. In Computerized Natural Medical Language Processing, Elsevier Science Publishers, North Holland.

  71. Sager, N., Lyman, M., Tick, L.J., Borst, F., Nhàn, N.T., Reveillard, C., Su,Y., and Scherrer, J-R. (1989) Adapting a Medical Language Processor from English to French. MEDINFO89: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Medical Informatics. Elsevier Science Publishers B.F., North Holland.

  72. Borst, F., Sager, N., Lyman, M., Nhàn, N.T., Tick, L.J., Reveillard, C., Su, Y., and Scherrer, J-R. (1989) Cost Containment and Quality of Care Assessment: By-Product of a Fully Integrated HIS Handling Free Text Analysis of Discharge Summaries. Poster presentation MEDINFO89.

  73. Sager, N. (l989) Book Review: Garside, R., Leech, G., and Sampson, G. (Eds.) The Computational Analysis of English: A Corpus-Based Approach. Longman, London and New York (1987). Information Processing and Management, 25:No. 3, pp. 334-335.

  74. Lyman, M., Sager, N., Chi, E.C., Tick, L.J., Nhàn, N.T., Su, Y., Borst, F., and Scherrer, J-R. (1989). Medical Language Processing for Knowledge Representation and Retrievals. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. (SCAMC13) (L.C. Kingsland, ed.). IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 548-553.

  75. Lyman, M. (1989) Applications of Medical Language Processing: The New York University Linguistic String Project. Presentation of paper. Abstract: Proceedings of the 52nd ASIS Annual Meeting. (J. Katzer, G.B. Newby, eds.). Published for the American Society for Information Science by Learned Information, Inc., Medford, NJ., p. 252.

  76. Borst, F., Sager, N., Nhàn, N.T., Su, Y., Lyman, M., Tick, L.J., Revillard, C., Chi, E., and Scherrer, J.R. (1989) Analyse Automatique de Comptes Rendus D'Hospitalisation. In Informatique et Santé, Informatique et Gestion des Unités de Soins, Comptes Rendus du Colloque AIM-IF, Paris, 1989, Degoulet, P., Stephan, J-C., Venot, A., et Yvon, P-J, Rédacteurs. Paris, Springer-Verlag, pp 246-256.

  77. Nhàn, N.T., Sager, N., Lyman, M., Tick, L.J., Borst, F. and Su, Y. (1989) A Medical Language Processor for Two Indo-European Languages. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care (SCAMC13) (L.C. Kingsland, ed.). IEEE Computer Society Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 554-558.

  78. Sager, N. (1990) Computer Analysis of Sublanguage Information Structures, Annals of NY Academy of Sciences. New York, The New York Academy of Sciences, vol 683, pp. 161-179.

  79. Lyman, M., Sager, N., Nhàn, N.T., Tick, L.J., Borst, F. and Scherrer, J.R. (1991) The Application of Natural-Language Processing to Healthcare Quality Assessment Medical Decisioning Making 11, #4 Suppl., pp.S65-S68.

  80. Borst, F., Lyman, M.S., Nhàn,N.T., Tick, L.J., Sager, N., Scherrer, J.-R., (1991) TEXTINFO: A Tool For Automatic Determination of Patient Clinical Profiles Using Text Analysis, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications of Medical Care (SCAMC15), McGraw Hill.

  81. Sager, N., Lyman, M.S., Tick, L.J., Nhàn, N.T., Borst, F., Scherrer, J-R., Clinical Knowledge Bases From Natural Language Patient Documents, MEDINFO93: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Medical Informatics, Elsevier Science Publishers B.F., North Holland.

  82. Sager, N., Lyman, M.S., Bucknall, C., Nhàn, N.T., Tick, L.J., (1994) Natural Language Processing and the Representation of Clinical Data, J. Am. Med. Informatics Soc., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 142-160.

  83. Sager, N., Lyman, M.S., Nhàn, N.T., Tick, L.J. (1994). Automatic Encoding into SNOMED III: A Preliminary Investigation, Proc Annu Symp Computer Applications in Medical Care, JAMIA Symp Suppl 1994, 230-234.

  84. Sager, N., Lyman, M.S., Nhàn, N.T., Tick, L.J. (1995). Medical language processing: Applications to patient data representation and automatic encoding. Methods of Information in Medicine (34):140-146.

  85. Sager, N., Nhàn, N.T., Lyman, M.S., Tick, L.J. (1995). Computer analysis of clinical narrative: why, how, what, when. Proceedings of The Symposium on "Language and Voice Technology in HealthCare", MEDI Working Group of the BIRA (Belgisch Institut voor Regeltechniek en Automatisering) 1995, 22-53.

  86. Sager, N., Nhàn, N.T., Lyman, M.S., Tick, L.J. (1996). Medical Language Processing with SGML display. JAMIA: Proceedings of the 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (Washington, DC. Oct 26-30, 1996). Hanley & Belfus. Pp. 547-551.