Table of Contents
Principles of User Interfaces
1 / Design for Interaction
A Designed World
Artifacts Designed for Interaction
UI Design Goes All the Way Down
Examples
Design Constraints 1
Design Constraints 2
Design Is Hard
Design Is Often Done Badly
Case Study: The Mac Power Switch (Norman in Winograd, p. 235)
Issues
Problems
Other Constraints
Final Proposal
Why Does Bad Design Survive?
The Consumer Universe
The High-Tech Spread
Observations
First Step in Design: Understand The Problem
Example
2 / Users
Design for the User’s Goals
User Goals
Serve the User
Keep the User Confident
Let the User Have Control
Make the User Effective
A Good Program is Like a Good Servant
Most Programs are Poor Servants
Know Your Users
Human Perceptual and Motor Systems 1
Human Perceptual and Motor Systems 2
Human Memory
Disabilities
User Levels
Experience
Age
Social and Work Context
Detective Expert System (Newman & Lamming, p. 62)
Crime Records System
Air Traffic Control System
Telephone Operator’s Workstation (N&L p. 249)
Telephone Operator’s Workstation 2
Building an Interactive System
Studying Users and Activities
Interviews
Video Recording
Observation
Questionnaires
Using the Information
Programmers ¹ UI Designers
Views (from Norman, in Winograd)
Users ¹ UI Designers
Participatory Design
Participatory Design 2
Analyzing the Design 1
Analyzing the Design 2
Testing
Prototyping
Example: Lotus 1-2-3
Controlled Experiments
Confidence and Significance
Statistics: Example 1
Statistics: Example 2
Example: Quicken
Listening to Users
Listening to Users 2
Result: Usability
3 / The Interface
The User Interface
The best interface is no interface at all.
The Two Gulfs (from Norman’s DOET)
Interaction Cues
Execution Interaction Cues
Execution Interaction Cues, 2
Execution Interaction Cues, 3
Combinations of Types
Icons
PowerPoint Toolbar Icons
Interaction Cue Problems
Menus as Buttons
Evaluation Cues
The Challenge of Computers
Interaction Cues for Computers
Interaction Cues for Computers, 2
Prefer Patterns to Text
More About Metaphors
Metaphors
How Metaphors Can Mislead
Using Metaphors
Models
Models and User Interfaces
Examples of Models
Example: The Spreadsheet
Electronic Spreadsheet Benefits
Bad Examples of Models
Don’t Let the Implementation Peek Through
User Interfaces vs. Software Design
Summary
Bibliography
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